Galantamine Hbr cures mild to moderate symptom alzheimers or vascular dementias symptoms. Galantamine is produced from natural resources and a patented total synthesis process. It is an anti-alzheimer’s agent that comes under the class cholinesterase inhibitor. It is also an allosteric ligand at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It works by reducing the action of AChE and therefore tends to increase the concentration of acetylcholine in the brain. This process helps to cure symptoms of mild to moderate dementia in patients with Alzheimer disease.

Dementias symptoms include memory losses, impaired abstraction and planning, language and comprehension disturbances, poor judgment, impaired orientation ability, decreased attention and increased restlessness and behavioral changes and psychosis. Dementia is caused by gradual death of cells in the brain. It is sometimes accompanied by emotional disturbance and personality changes. The loss of mental ability interferes with normal day to day activities that last for more than six months. However, it is not present since birth and is not associated with a loss or alteration of consciousness.

Alzheimer’s disease or AD is the most common cause of dementia, followed by vascular dementias. AD is incurable and often proves fatal. However, there are several drugs that may slow its progression. Symptom alzheimers accounts for one-half to three-fourths of all cases for dementia. Vascular dementias are estimated to cause from 5% to 30% of all dementias. It usually progresses with stroke, infection and heart disease that can lead to death. It occurs from decrease in blood flow to the brain, most commonly due to a series of small strokes called multi-infarct dementia. Because of the usually sudden nature of its cause, the symptoms of vascular dementia tend to begin more abruptly than those of Alzheimer’s dementia. Its symptoms may progress stepwise with the occurrence of new strokes.

Care for a person with dementia can be difficult and complex. In progressive dementias such as AD, the person may ultimately become completely dependent. Family members or others caring for a person with dementia often are subject to extreme stress. Since dementia usually progresses slowly, its diagnosing can be difficult in early stages. But, early diagnosis is important as the treatments can cure the early stages.

Diagnosis includes thorough physical examination and complete medical history. A variety of medical tests may require to determining the cause of dementia. The FDA has approved five prescription drugs for the treatment of AD symptoms. Four of these are used to treat mild to moderate AD. They are galantamine (Razadyne formerly known as Reminyl), rivastigmine (Exelon), donepezil (Aricept), and tacrine (Cognex).

Galantamines are available in the market under brand names Razadyne and Reminyl in the forms of tablets, capsules and oral solution. Galantamine hydrobromide under the name Reminyl was approved on February 2001 for use in mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. And under the name Razadyne, it was approved on August 28, 2008.

Galantamine has been used for decades in Eastern Europe and the USSR for various indications such as treatment of myasthenia, myopathy, and sensory and motor dysfunction associated with disorders of the central nervous system. Its uses have included symptomatic treatment of Polio (Poliomyelitis) and it was later deployed by Janssen Pharmaceutica as an anti-Alzheimer’s medication. In the US it has been sold as a dietary supplement for memory and dream support.

Gabapentins are GABA analogues that relieve pain in nerve. This medicine is frequently used to treat various types of neuralgia. It is now widely used to relieve pain, especially neuropathic pain.

Gabapentins are anti-seizure and antiepileptic medications that are used in combination with other antiseizures to control partial seizures in epilepsy. Moreover, it is also used to treat major depressive disorder. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Gabapentins in the year 1994 for use as an adjunctive medication to control partial seizures. In the 2002, it was also approved for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia, pain in nerve or neuropathic pain following shingles, other painful neuropathies, and nerve-related pain. In December 2004, the FDA granted final approval to a generic equivalent to Neurontin made by the Israeli firm Teva.

This medicine is available in market under brand names Gabarone and Neurontin in the forms of tablet and capsule. It also helps to relieve pain, neuropathic pain, migraine headaches and pain in nerve caused due to herpes shingles. Gabapentins are widely believed to help patients with post-operative chronic pain (usually caused by nerves that have been severed accidentally in an operation and when grown back, have reconnected incorrectly) and nerve pain associated with spinal cord injury. It may be effective in reducing pain and spasticity in multiple sclerosis. It has also had success in treating certain instances of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. It is a very capable medication used in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia and pain. Because dermatological patients suffer pain from painful tumors, after surgery, in conjunction with neuropathic ulcers, during dressing changes involving serious medical conditions, its applications seem assorted.

Gabapentin is also used for some animal treatments, but formulations (especially liquid forms) for human use may contain the sweetener Xylitol which is toxic to dogs, so care must be taken if the human version is used for veterinary purposes. The most common side effects in adult patients include dizziness, drowsiness, and peripheral edema (swelling of extremities). These side effects mainly occur at higher doses in the elder patients. This drug should be used carefully in patients with renal impairment due to possible accumulation and toxicity. It should not be discontinued suddenly after long term use. Instead, it should be reduced gradually over a period of weeks or months in order to help minimize or prevent the withdrawal syndrome. Upon discontinuation the usual Side effects that have been reported in medical literature include insomnia, restlessness, agitation.

Labels: gabapentins, pain in nerve

Fluvoxamine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor or SSRI, used to treat anxity disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, social phobia, and post-traumatic stress disorder. It is also an antidepressant that treats major depression. SSRIs are the most widely prescribed antidepressants in many countries. Fluvoxamine is indicated for children and adolescents with OCD and social anxiety disorder.

This medicine works by inhibiting reuptake of neurotransmitters. It increases the activity of serotonin in the brain which further helps to control depression. It is available in market under brand name Luvox in the form of tablet. It was first approved by the FDA in 1993 for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). It was launched in the U.S. in December 1994, Australia in February 1999 and Japan in June 1999. It was the first drug approved for the treatment of social anxiety disorder in Japan in 2005. The FDA registered the first SSRI, fluvoxamine, in the year 1997 for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder in children. As mentioned in DSM IV, all SSRIs are approved in the U.S. for use with psychiatric disorders.

Anxity disorders are connected with a wide range of physical illnesses, medication side effects and other psychiatric disorders. These disorders are the most common form of mental disturbance. However, not everyone who experiences it has an anxiety disorder. Everyone occasionally experiences anxiety as a normal response to a dangerous or unusual situation.

In anxity disorders, the person feels the same emotion without any identified reason. It is generally caused due to unconscious fears, worries or conflicts. If left untreated it can be a serious problem. Anxiety doesn’t always go away by itself. It often progresses to panic attacks, phobias, and episodes of depression. Untreated anxiety disorders may eventually lead to a diagnosis of major depression, or interfere with the patient’s education or ability to keep a job. Many patients suffering from it also gets addicted to drugs or alcohol.

DSM-IV marked out 12 types of anxiety disorders in the adult people. GAD and panic disorders are more likely to develop in young adults, while phobias and OCD can begin in childhood. Separation anxiety disorder that occurs in children is defined as anxiety regarding separation from home or family that is excessive or inappropriate for the child’s age. Moreover, some children with this disorder start avoiding school.

The causes of anxiety include a variety of individual and general social factors that may produce physical, cognitive, emotional, or behavioral symptoms. Genetic factors are the other cause leading to this abnormality. Also, racial or cultural background can influence anxiety. Many patients have features or symptoms of more than one disorder. There are no laboratory tests that can diagnose anxiety, although the doctor may order some specific tests to rule out this disorder.

Fluticasone nasal spray, a synthetic corticosteroid, treats asthma and allergic rhinitis effectively. It is also used to treat eosinophilic esophagitis. Corticosteroids are strong drugs and usually can control even severe cases of asthma over the long term and maintain good lung function. This medication is also available as a cream for the treatment of eczema and psoriasis.

Fluticasone is marketed under the different names in different countries. For instance Flovent and Flixotide is used for asthma, Flonase and Flixonase for treating allergic rhinitis, Nasofan, Advair or Seretide (combination of fluticasone and salmeterol). Cutivate and Flutivate (available as a cream) treat eczema and psoriasis.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Flonase on February 22, 2006. It is a synthetic glucocorticoid. It interacts with steroid cytoplasmic receptors to induce antiinflammatory effects. Besides, it also possesses antipruritic and antiinflammatory actions. This helps to relieve Fluticasone nasal sp or inflammation and symptoms of allergic rhinitis effectively.

Asthma is estimated to affect about 300 million people worldwide. It caused 250,000 deaths globally in the year 2009. It is a generally long-lasting, chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. It causes the airways to spasm and swells periodically so that the airways narrow. In an asthma attack, the muscle tissue in the walls of bronchi goes into spasm, and the cells lining the airways swell and secrete mucus into the airways. Both these actions cause the bronchi to become narrowed (bronchoconstriction). As a result, an asthmatic person has to make a much greater effort to breathe in air and to expel it.

Common symptoms include wheezing, breathing shortness, chest tightness and cough. Symptoms are often worse at night, early morning, due to exercise or cold air. It can be prevented by avoiding triggers, such as allergens and irritants, and by inhaling corticosteroids. For those who continue to suffer from mild symptoms, corticosteroids can help most to live their lives with few disorders. It is more likely to consider immediate medication of inhaled corticosteroids as soon as asthma attacks occur or at the start. Fluticasone nasal sp helps to reduce the immediate symptoms of an attack.

There is no cure for asthma, but, the disease can be controlled effectively. Fluticasone resembles like natural body hormones and blocks the inflammation. It is often effective in relieving symptoms of chronic asthma and preventing asthmas symptoms.

Labels: asthmas symptoms, fluticasone nasal sp

Fluconazoles can effectively treat fungal infections. It is a triazole antifungal drug used in the treatment and prevention of candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis. Meningitis is the infection of the membranes covering the brain and spine. Moreover, it is also used to treat yeast infections of the vagina, mouth, throat, esophagus, abdomen, lungs, blood and other organs.

Fluconazoles are also used to prevent yeast infections in patients who are likely to become infected because they are being treated with chemotherapy or radiation therapy before a bone marrow transplant. It works by inhibiting the fungal cytochrome P450 enzyme 14α-demethylase. This inhibition prevents the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol, an essential component of the fungal cytoplasmic membrane, and subsequent accumulation of 14α-methyl sterols.

Fluconazole indicated for the treatment and prophylaxis of fungal infections where other antifungals have failed or are not tolerated. It is active against the microorganisms like Blastomyces dermatitidis, candida spp. (except C. krusei and C. glabrata), Coccidioides immitis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Epidermophyton spp., Histoplasma capsulatum, Microsporum spp., and Trichophyton spp. This medicine is used as a first-line drug for coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and prophylaxis of candidiasis in immunocompromised people. Fluconazoles are primarily fungistatics. It may be fungicidal against certain organisms in a dose-dependent manner.

Dosages of fluconazoles vary, depending on the indication. The usual dosage for vulvovaginal candidiasis is 150 mg per day for two-week. Dosage for resistant skin infections or some prophylactic indications is 150 mg to 300 mg once weekly. For systemic or severe infections it is 500 mg to 600 mg per day may be used. In urgent infections such as meningitis caused by yeast, 800 mg per day have been used. Pediatric doses are measured at 6 mg to 12 mg/kg/d. A loading dose will be indicated when entering a daily dosage schedule. For example, a loading dose of 200 mg on the first day is commonly used with 150 mg per day following it.

When taken orally fluconazole is almost completely absorbed within two hours. Medicines can interact with other medicines you are already taking. They may also be contraindicated in some cases. For this reason it is always advised to take medicines under doctor’s supervision.

Labels: fluconazoles, fungal infections

Fenofibrates are indicated in the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia alone or combined.

Fenofibrate is mainly used to reduce cholesterol levels in patients at risk of cardiovascular disease. It is a drug of the fibrate class. It manages lipid levels in blood as high levels of lipid and cholesterol in blood increases risk of atherosclerosis. Fenofibrate has a uricosuric effect. For this reason, it is also used in the management of gout as it helps in excreting excess uric acid. It acts as a blood thinner by lowering the amount of fibrinogen in the blood. It is adjunctive therapy in diet to decrease elevated levels of triglycerides.

Like other fibrates, it reduces both low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels. At the same time it is known to increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels and reduces tryglycerides level. It also shows positive effect on the insulin resistance featured by the metabolic syndrome. It is used alone or in conjunction with statins in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. The pharmaceutical form and the strength may change from one country to another and from one brand to another. The differences among strengths are a result of altered bioavailability due to particle size.

Fenofibrate raises the serum level of statins. Hence, a lower dose of statin is usually recommended. Dose of fenofibrate must also be lowered in moderate to severe renal failure . Most health care professional recommend that fenofibrate be given in the morning and the statin at night.

Fenofibrates are derivatives of fibric acid whose lipid modifying effects are mediated via activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor type alpha (PPARα). Through activation of PPARα, fenofibrate increases the lipolysis. Furthermore, elimination of atherogenic triglyceride-rich particles from plasma results by activating lipoprotein lipase and reducing production of apoprotein CIII. Activation of PPARα also induces an increase in the synthesis of apoproteins AI and AII, which leads to a reduction in very low- (VLDL )and low-density (LDL) fractions containing apoprotein B and an increase in the high density lipoprotein fraction (HDL) containing apoprotein AI and AII. In addition, through modulation of the synthesis and catabolism of VLDL fractions, fenofibrate increases the LDL clearance and reduces small and dense LDL. The levels of which are elevated in the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype, a common disorder in patients at risk for coronary heart disease.

Fenofibrate is contra-indicated in children, during pregnancy or lactation, in patients with liver insufficiency, presence of gallstones, renal insufficiency, in patients hypersensitive to fenofibrate and/or excipients, known photoallergy or phototoxic reaction during treatment with fibrates or ketoprofen.

The study of Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) revealed the important information that long-term treatment with fenofibrate therapy appears to have a favorable safety profile in patients with type-2 diabetes. It still showed a favorable safety even when non-study lipid-lowering medications were added. According to recent studies, fenofibrate and statin combination therapy is safe and effective at managing dyslipidemia in patients with type-2 diabetes who are at risk for cardiovascular events. Likewise, greatest benefits of fenofibrate are seen among those with marked hypertriglyceridemi